Surface Energy Balance, Evapotranspiration, And Surface Coefficients During Non-Growing Season In A Maize-Soybean Cropping System

摘要

Surface energy balance components, including actual evapotranspiration (ET), were measured in a reducedtill maize-soybean field in south central Nebraska during three consecutive non-growing seasons (2006/2007, 2007/2008, and 2008/2009). The relative fractions of the energy balance components were compared across the non-growing seasons, and surface coefficients (Kc) were determined as a ratio of measured ET to estimated alfalfa (ETr) and grass (ETo) reference ET (ETref). The non-growing season following a maize crop had 25% to 35% more field surface covered with crop residue as compared to the non-growing seasons following soybean crops. Net radiation (Rn) was the dominant surface energy balance component, and its partitioning as latent heat (LE), sensible heat (H), and soil heat (G) fluxes depended on field surface and atmospheric conditions. No significant differences in magnitude, trend, and distribution of the surface energy balance components were observed between the seasons with maize or soybean surface residue cover. The cumulative ET was 196, 221, and 226 mm during the three consecutive non-growing seasons. Compared to ETref, the cumulative total measured ET was 61%, 63%, and 59% of cumulative total ETo and 43%, 46%, and 41% of cumulative total ETr during the three consecutive seasons. The type of residue on the field surface had no significant effect on the magnitude of ET. Thus, ET was primarily driven by atmospheric conditions rather than surface characteristics. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the daily ET vs. ETr data during the three consecutive non-growing seasons was only 0.23, 0.42, and 0.42,and R2 for ET vs. ETo was 0.29, 0.46, and 0.45, respectively. Daily and monthly average Kc values varied substantially from day to day and from month to month, and exhibited interannual variability as well. Thus, no single Kc value can be used as a good representation of the surface coefficient for accurate prediction of ET for part or all of the non-growing season. A good relationship was observed between monthly total measured ET vs. monthly total ETref. The R2 values for monthly total ET vs. monthly total ETref data ranged from 0.71 to 0.89 for both ETr and ETo. Using pooled data for monthly total ET vs. monthly total ETref, R2 was 0.78 for ETr and 0.80 for ETo. The slopes (S) of the best-fit line with intercept for the monthly total ET vs. monthly total ETref data were consistent for all three non-growing seasons, with S = 0.45 ±0.05for ETr and S = 0.62 ±0.08 for ETo. The parity in R2 and S across the three non-growing seasons suggests that the same regression equation can be used to approximate non-growing season ET for field surfaces with both maize and soybean crop residue covers. Considering the extreme difficulties in measuring ET during winter in cold and windy climates with frozen and/or snow-covered conditions, the approach using a linear relationship between monthly total ET vs. monthly total ETref appears to be a good alternative to using a surface coefficient to approximate non-growing season monthly total ET. The conclusions of this research are based on the typical dormant season conditions observed at the research location and may not be generally transferable to other locations with different climatic and surface conditions.